Proposal | Universal Declaration of Human Rights

I would like to propose that the AIN adopt a Charter of Human Rights, as Arcacia holds this as the highest ideal and integral to the success of a civilised society. I would like to propose the following wording:

PREAMBLE

Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people,

Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law,

Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations,

Whereas the peoples of the Alliance of Independent Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the Alliance of Independent Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms,

Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realisation of this pledge,

Now, Therefore we proclaim THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.

Article 1.

* All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Article 2.

* Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, sexual orientation, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

Article 3.

* Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

Article 4.

* No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

Article 5.

* No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Article 6.

* Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

Article 7.

* All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

Article 8.

* Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.

Article 9.

* No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

Article 10.

* Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

Article 11.

* (1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.
* (2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.

Article 12.

* No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

Article 13.

* (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.
* (2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.

Article 14.

* (1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.
* (2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the Alliance of Independent Nations.

Article 15.

* (1) Everyone has the right to a nationality.
* (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

Article 16.

* (1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
* (2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.
* (3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.

Article 17.

* (1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.
* (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

Article 18.

* Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.

Article 19.

* Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

Article 20.

* (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
* (2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association.

Article 21.

* (1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.
* (2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.
* (3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.

Article 22.

* Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realisation, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organisation and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

Article 23.

* (1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.
* (2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.
* (3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection.
* (4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.

Article 24.

* Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.

Article 25.

* (1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
* (2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.

Article 26.

* (1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.
* (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the Alliance of Independent Nations for the maintenance of peace.
* (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.

Article 27.

* (1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.
* (2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

Article 28.

* Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realised.

Article 29.

* (1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.
* (2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.
* (3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the Alliance of Independent Nations.

Article 30.

* Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.

I would just like to point out, regarding Article 16: Whilst the Republic of Arcacia makes no distinction between same and opposite sex marriage and has granted the right of gays and lesbians to enter into marriage, this issue is one that should be left to individual Member States.

Arcacia also recognises a persons right to euthanasia and abortion. Again, these issues should be left to individual Member States.

I thought this sounded familiar. you might want to change the "...of the United Nations for the..." in Article 26 Clause 2 to "... Alliance of Independent Nations... Also, in Article 15, in Aleksania, the right to revoke citizenship is allowed in the case of Treason, but only after a fair and just trial by an unbiased jury. I also think that the right to revoke citizenship should be allowed if crimes against Humanity are committed.

Taken from the United Nations definitely. I studied this in Junior High School.
I like your proposal, but we can shorten it to a more universal standard of the AIN.

Why don't we do a revision instead of 30 we can do twelve.


This was a proposal I introduced in November of 2008, while I with the COFR.

It is similiar UN Declearation. But we can create the SUTO Declaration of Human Rights.

We are nations of sovereingty and nations of a humane understanding that the people of the Alliance of Independent Nations are recognized as equal and respected as human beings. We inherit the dignity and equal rights like others. We reserve the same right of freedom, justice, and tranquility among the peers of the Alliance of Independent Nations.

The Admendments of the AIN Human Rights

1 . All humans are born free and equal in its dignity to exists. We are endowed with reason and consceince and should act towards one another within spirit.

2. We believe they are entitle to the same rights regardless of race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, political affiliation, economic and social class, and age.

3. Everyone has a right to a nationality.

4. We do beleive that people reserve the right to exist, but we also grant governments the right to act at its discretion so as long as they follow the human rights law.

5. Only when there is a security risk issue where a government may imprison or interrogate a class of individuals. If the death penalty is applied under this matter. It should be based on evidence brought against them, not based on prejidicial matters. The judicial matter shall be at the discretion of its own government, unless it becomes a multi-jurisdiction matter.

6. Everyone has a right to leave any country, including his/her own. Plus, they reserve the right to return to their country as they please.
Every individual has the freedom of movement anywhere with its borders of its state. Unless they are considered a risk of justice or national security, legitimately.

7. Slavery or any form of servitude shall not be permitted within the rights of the AIN community.

8. Social protection shall be granted regardless of race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, age, economic & social class, and political affiliation.

9. Education shall be granted to all individuals regardless.

10. In an event of war, there shall be no assissinations of any leader, No arbitrary arrest, for we seek a fair trial against the accused. There shall be not detention or exile of anyone, unless evidence is held against them.

11. Every nation has the right of jurisdiction, unless the crime(s) were committed in more than one nation, and the other nations have not yet reached an agreement, then the accused shall be tried under the SUTO tribunal.

12. Although, every nation has the right of jurisdiction, any punishable acts shall be within the guidelines of the AIN Human Rights Act. If the opressor has overstepped its boundaries. They shall be tried by its peers of the SUTO community, and depending on its severity from the oppresor, the alliance will decide.

Hopefully this could do better than the original, because the original proposal is too long and we should not reflect too much with real life situations, so we don't complicate things in the Sim World.

Read and see if we can agree on a revised proposal.

I don't understand Article 4 - it seems to sanction the death penalty. This is against Arcacia's constitution. Article 5 seems to allow profiling and also advocates the death penalty.

I agree we should simplify it as much as possible, but I can't support exile, the death penalty or profiling.

Here is Arcacia's Bill of Human Rights taken straight from the constitution:

VI

Article 62
The Republic of Arcacia shall have no State Church and, as such, none shall be supported nor protected by the State.

Article 63
All persons have the right to form religious associations and to practice their religion in conformity with their individual convictions. Nothing may however be preached or practised which is prejudicial to good morals or public order.

Article 64
No one may lose any of their civil or national rights on account of their religion.

Everyone shall be free to remain outside religious associations. No one shall be obliged to pay any personal dues to any religious association.

VII

Article 65
Everyone shall be equal before the law and enjoy human rights irrespective of gender, sexuality, religion, opinion, national origin, race, colour, property, birth or other status.

Men and women shall enjoy equal rights in all respects.

Article 66
No one may be deprived of Arcacian citizenship. Loss of citizenship may, however, be provided for by law, in the event a person accepts citizenship in another State. An alien can only be granted Arcacian citizenship according to law.

An Arcacian citizen cannot be barred from entering Arcacia nor expelled there from. The rights of aliens to enter and reside in Arcacia, and the reasons for which they may be expelled shall be laid down in law.

No one may be barred from leaving Arcacia except by judicial decision. A person may, however, be prevented from leaving Arcacia by lawful arrest. Every person lawfully residing in Arcacia shall be free to choose their residence and shall enjoy freedom of travel.

Article 67
No one may be deprived of their liberty except as permitted by law.

Any person deprived of their liberty shall be entitled to be informed promptly of the reasons for this measure.

Any person arrested by reason of suspicion of criminal conduct shall be held for no more than 4 hours unless charges are laid.

Any person charged with criminal conduct shall be brought before a judge without delay. If they are not released at once, the judge shall, within 24 hours, issue a reasoned decision on whether they shall be detained on remand. Detention on remand may only be ordered due to a charge subject to heavier sanctions than fines or punitive custody. The right of a person detained on remand to refer the decision on his remand to a superior court shall be guaranteed by law. A person shall never be detained on remand for longer than necessary; if the judge deems that they may be released on bail the amount of bail shall be determined by a judicial order.

Any person deprived of their liberty for other reasons shall be entitled to have the legality of the measure reviewed by a court as soon as possible. If their deprivation of liberty is proved to have been unlawful they shall be released forthwith.

Any person deprived of their liberty without valid reason shall have a right to compensation.

Article 68
No one may be subjected to torture or any other inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

No one shall be required to perform compulsory labour.

Article 69
No one may be subjected to punishment unless found guilty of conduct that constituted a criminal offence according to the law at the time when it was committed, or is totally analogous to such conduct. The sanctions may not be more severe than the law permitted at the time of commission.

Penalty of Death may never be stipulated by law.

Article 70
Everyone shall, for the determination of their rights and obligations or in the event of a criminal charge against them, be entitled, following a fair trial and within reasonable time, to the resolution of an independent and impartial court of law. A hearing by a court of law shall take place in public, except if the judge decides otherwise as provided for by law in the interest of morals, public order, the security of the State or the interests of the parties.

Everyone charged with criminal conduct shall be presumed innocent until proven guilty.

Article 71
Everyone shall enjoy freedom of interference with privacy, home, and family life.

Bodily or personal searches or a search of a person’s premises or possessions may only be conducted in accordance with a judicial decision or a statutory law provision. This shall also apply to the examination of documents and mail, communications by telephone and other means, and to any other comparable interference with a person’s right to privacy.

Notwithstanding the provisions of the first paragraph above, freedom from interference with privacy, home and family life may be otherwise limited by statutory provisions if this is urgently necessary for the protection of the rights of others.

Article 72
The right of private ownership shall be inviolate. No one may be obliged to surrender their property unless required by public interests. Such a measure shall be provided for by law, and full compensation paid.

The right of foreign parties to own real property interests or shares in business enterprises in Arcacia may be limited by law.

Article 73
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and belief.

Everyone shall be free to express their thought, but shall also be liable to answer for them in court. The law may never provide for censorship or other similar limitations to freedom of expression.

Freedom of expression may only be restricted by law in the interests of public order or the security of the State, the for the protection or health or morals, or for the protection of the rights or reputation of others, if such restrictions are deemed necessary and in agreement with democratic traditions.

Article 74
Associations may be formed without prior permission for any lawful purpose, including political associations and trade unions. An association may not be dissolved by administrative decision. The activities of an association found to be in furtherance of unlawful objectives may, however, be enjoint, in which case legal action shall be brought without undue delay for a judgement dissolving the association.

No one may be obliged to be a member of any association.

People are free to assemble unarmed. Public gatherings may be attended by police. Public gatherings in the open may be banned if it is feared that riots may ensue.

Article 75
Everyone is free to pursue the occupation of their choosing. This right may, however, be restricted by law, if such restriction is required with regard to the public interest.

The right of people to negotiate terms of employment and other labour-related matters shall be regulated by law.

Article 76
The law shall guarantee for everyone the necessary assistance in case of sickness, invalidity, infirmity by reason of old-age, unemployment, homelessness and similar circumstances.

The law shall guarantee for everyone suitable general education and tuition, including graduate, post-graduate studies, doctoral and post-doctoral studies.

For children, the law shall guarantee the protection and care which is necessary for their well being.

Article four from the hypertophy's proposals is very simple.

Governments who carry the death penalty may carry the death penalty. For the SUTO should not be involved with the sovereignty of other nations. But human rights shall be followed. The government may choose to govern as the deemed fit. But just as long as they don't attract attention that thay are breaking international/intergalatic treaty of human rights.


Article 5 of the Hypertrophy's needs a rivision since it was the original part for the COFR.

But let's not mix the Arcacia's constitution with the Human Rights Bill.

Arcacia is a sovereign country that is bound by its laws.

The Human Rights Bill proposal is about giving universal laws that are simple, governed by AIN as a whole. But the proposal I came out with is a libertarian point of view. Giving nations their right of sovereignty.

Death Penalty is one of them

Hypertrophy does have the death penalty as well as Rafforsia, Hiigara and Possibly other nations. We can't tell other nations to dispose of it.

The bill proposal have never supported profiling.

Also a revision of the law for exiles can be granted.

But like I said, you have too many articles.

Agreed.

I just want to point out that the only reason I posted Arcacia's Bill of Rights was to give the AIN an idea of where it was that we were coming from, not to submit it as an AIN Charter.

As for Article 5 of Hypertrophy's proposal, I direct you to the language: "Only when there is a security risk issue where a government may imprison or interrogate a class of individuals."

What is meant by "class of individuals?" This is where I came a bit unstuck.

Perhaps we should start by compiling a list of human rights and go from there. In my mind they are:

Life
Freedom
Freedom of expression
Freedom of movement
Freedom of religion
Nationality
Property
Privacy
Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment
Freedom from slavery or servitude
Freedom to assemble

That's all I can think of off the top of my head. Perhaps we should use the UN declaration for guidance, but I do agree it needs to be much, much shorter. I agree that we should try for 10-12.

whoa....so much reading! But I support this idea and I agree that we should shorten this for AIN. Hey, we can prolly put this in the Constitution of AIN!

As for Article 5 of Hypertrophy's proposal, I direct you to the language: "Only when there is a security risk issue where a government may imprison or interrogate a class of individuals."

What is meant by "class of individuals?" This is where I came a bit unstuck.

I can clarify it.

When this proposal came in November of 2008 and it passed in December 2008. This was for the both the COFR nations of Deismaran Empire and the Shalman Empire at that time. Hypertrophy has been against it. Never supported it. But in order to get the human rights to be passed. There were some comprimises because of the nations who sought that kind of control. However, Shalman Empire opposed the bill, because it wanted a bill that was more directly for them.
It was supported at the time, because the Deismaran Empire, while believing in freedom of speech and expression, they were monitored by the government and secular class corresponded at the D.E.

But this part can be modified. I support a bill that is fully recognized as a right to existance, and I also believe nations should have its sovereingty, so as long as they follow the guidelines of the human rights law.

After all, we can work some kinks and sort it out. Better. I believe in a strong progressive point of view that will support the human rights, but I also want to grant a libertarian point of view for governments to act at its own discretion. Though their laws has existed before this SUTO Human Rights Law.

Indeed - I think it would be worth putting into the constitution as it would give it more weight and Member States would automatically be signed up to it.

I also agree that the sovereignty individual Member States should be respected. However, I also believe that we should feel free to speak up when and if we see gross violations of human rights.

As I have stated before, it is the opinion of the Republic of Arcacia that human rights is the highest ideal and our entire constitution and criminal code is built around it.

Okay, I take it we're on the same page.

However, we should make it short and sweet when creating a Human Rights Constitution. But I would like to add some ideas if necessary.

We got a deal?

I do believe we have a deal.

Aleksania also had the death penalty, but is restricted to a few crimes including: Treason, Terrorist Attacks, and Genocide. The Military of Aleksania is set apart on the matter of the death penalty (they hav different rules). Also, in Aleksania, your right to vote will be suspended indeffinently (even with an official pardon) if you are convicted of a crime that requrers you to serve 25 or more years in jail.

Deal

note: as part of aleksanias membership in the un (real worldish), we have acepted and ratified their bill of human rights

Arcacia has also ratified the bill.

The highest penalty in Arcacia is life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. Murder in the first degree or anything more severe will get this penalty.

The main reason for Arcacia's opposition to the death penalty is twofold. Firstly, we do not believe anyone, not even the State, has the right to deprive a person of life. Secondly, an accused person, even a convicted one, should have every opportunity to clear their name. The idea of executing an innocent person is so abhorrent to us that we would simply rather not deal with it.

Besides, with a population under 200,000 and very high living standards, Arcacia doesn't have a great deal of serious crime. We don't even have a federal prison. Guns are illegal and we might have 1 murder per year, rarely is it pre-meditated. It's usually a case of "wrong place, wrong time."

I think we should begin brainstorming. Perhaps if, over the next few days, we all write our own versions, keeping ourselves to 10-12 articles then meet here and hash it out.

Keep this in mind, You might mean genocide and war crimes because when you want a human rights constitutions you have to correspond to war crimes.

First degree murder can be premeditated by one.

Genocide is like the holocaust, ethnic purity, and massive deaths and deprivement of a secular class.

Although, the death penalty shall be at the discretion of the nation.

I think in the case of genocide, the matter should be handled by an International Court. I think it is beyond the judiciary of any one country to satisfactorily deal with one.

Personally, I feel the idea that Arcacia could be the subject of or the perpetrator of such a crime to be well... how far do pigs fly?

We don't even have a military and our next door neighbour is Australia.

I agree that the death penalty should be at the discretion of each country, though Arcacia reserves the right to object, even if it means nothing more than having that objection noted.

I think an AIN charter would go a long way to keeping episodes like the holocaust nightmarish memories, rather than impending realities.

With regard to an international judiciary similar to The Hague, I think Member States should vote on whether the death penalty should be an option. Personally, as myself, I have no qualms about sending people like Saddam or Milosovic to the gas chamber, however as a representative of the Republic of Arcacia, I'm bound by its constitution, in particular Article 69.

Okay this part you have me lost.

Article 69 is of the Arcacia constitution?

LOL yep. It's in one of the above posts. Basically it's the part that says we can't kill people.

Okay, now we should stick to the SUTO Human Right Constintution. Because you threw me off topic. But i now understand your point.

But since we compared notes why don't we work it out.

Good idea. As I said, I think we should each draft our own version over the next few days, post it here and go from there.

I agree with the creation of the Declaration, although it will be best it's kept short and clear.

If the Declaration is created, Fornax, Rafforsia and West Borneo will sign the Declaration.

Love the idea! But like everyone is saying lets keep it short, and clear

Preamble:

The representatives of the Alliance of Independent Nations, believing that the ignorance, neglect, or contempt of the rights of humanity are the sole cause of public calamities and of the corruption of governments, have determined to set forth in a solemn declaration the natural, unalienable, and sacred rights of humanity, in order that this declaration, being constantly before all the members of the Alliance, shall remind them continually of their rights and duties. Therefore the Alliance of Independent Nations recognises and proclaims the following rights of humanity:

Articles:

1. All are born and remain free and equal in rights.

2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of humanity. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.

3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation.

4. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law.

5. Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society. Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law.

6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents.

7. No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law. Any one soliciting, transmitting, executing, or causing to be executed, any arbitrary order, shall be punished. But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay, as resistance constitutes an offense.

8. The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary, and no one shall suffer punishment except it be legally inflicted in virtue of a law passed and promulgated before the commission of the offense.

9. As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty, if arrest shall be deemed indispensable, all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoner's person shall be severely repressed by law.

10. No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, including his religious views, provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law.

11. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of humanity. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law.

12. Since property is an inviolable and sacred right, no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity, legally determined, shall clearly demand it, and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified.